Lights also help with maintenance and cleaning and are an essential part of your fish tank. You can turn the lights off at night before going to bed. It is also a smart idea to keep your fish tank away from sunlight since it can affect bacteria growth. Does aquariumRead More →
Any active bacteria are killed by holding the stock for a minute at 150 degrees or above, and botulism toxin is inactivated by 10 minutes at the boil. But quickly reheating a contaminated stock just up to serving temperature won’t destroy its active bacteria and toxins, and the stock willRead More →
The scientific names of species are italicized. The genus name is always capitalized and is written first; the specific epithet follows the genus name and is not capitalized. Does streptococci need to be italicized? Editor’s Note: When streptococcus is used generically to refer to any member of the genus Streptococcus,Read More →
Distilled water will last indefinitely if it is stored correctly and no contaminants come into contact with the water. Bottled distilled water usually comes with a best-before date. As long as you have stored the water properly, it should still be good to use even past this date. Does distilledRead More →
Bacteria in a VBNC state cannot grow on standard growth media, though flow cytometry can measure the viability of the bacteria. Bacteria can enter the VBNC state as a response to stress, due to adverse nutrient, temperature, osmotic, oxygen, and light conditions. … The existence of the VBNC state isRead More →
Viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC) are defined as live bacteria, but which do not either grow or divide. Such bacteria cannot be cultivated on conventional media (they do not form colonies on solid media, they do not change broth appearance), but their existence can be proved using other methods. AreRead More →
Bacteria have been the very first organisms to live on Earth. They made their appearance 3 billion years ago in the waters of the first oceans. At first, there were only anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria (the primordial atmosphere was virtually oxygen-free). Which was the first animal on Earth? A comb jelly.Read More →
Hospital acquired aspiration pneumonia Patients with nosocomial aspiration pneumonia are more likely to have a mixed aerobic-anaerobic infection, in which the aerobic component (gram-negative bacilli) predominates. What infections do anaerobes cause? Common anaerobic infections include: appendicitis. abscess (brain, abdominal, lung, peritonsillar, liver, and tubovarian) sinusitis. tetanus. pneumonia. Lemierre’s syndrome. periodontitis.Read More →
Macrophages don’t eat cells the same way you might eat your food. Instead, the eating machines engulf viruses and bacteria. This is called phagocytosis. First, the macrophage surrounds the unwanted particle and sucks it in. How do macrophages destroy bacteria? When a macrophage ingests a pathogen, the pathogen becomes trappedRead More →
Binary fission. Reproduction through conidia. Budding. Reproduction through cyst formation. Reproduction through endospore formation. Why do bacteria reproduce? Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. … When conditions are favourable such as the right temperature and nutrients are available, some bacteria like Escherichia coli can divide every 20 minutes. This means thatRead More →