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Once infected cells have sensed an invading pathogen, they secrete molecules called cytokines and chemokines. Cytokines such as interferons are molecules that signal neighbouring cells and induce an antiviral state in them. These cells are then primed to resist an infection with the invading virus. What are the four stagesRead More →

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SOURCE OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE IN THE MENSTRUAL BLOOD The authors confirmed, by the bacterial culture method, that the menstrual blood of women with endometriosis was highly contaminated with E. coli, compared to that in the control women. How does endometriosis occur? Endometriosis happens when tissue similar to the lining on theRead More →